In a study that attempted to treat insomnia in the acute phase—before it became chronic—researchers found that almost three-quarters of participants saw improvements in the quality of their sleep within three months following a 60-minute cognitive behavioral therapy session.
The findings, which were published Monday in the international journal SLEEP, are especially important as those transitioning from acute to chronic insomnia are particularly vulnerable to the onset of depression due to the condition.
People with insomnia report consistent issues with the quality, duration, or continuity of their sleep patterns. They may find it difficult to fall asleep, struggle to go back to sleep on waking during the night, or wake early—which can lead to problems with attention, concentration, mood, and memory. Approximately one third of the adult population reports symptoms of insomnia, with 10% suffering from an insomnia disorder.
The study was led by Jason Ellis, a professor of Sleep Science in Northumbria University’s Department of Psychology. Ellis is also the director of the Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research. Forty adults who reported that they had suffered from insomnia for less than 3 months and who were not currently taking medication to aid their sleep took part. None had previously received cognitive behavioral therapy.
The participants were separated into two groups, each featuring 9 males and 11 females. All used sleep diaries to record the quality and duration of their sleep for 7 days before treatment and completed the Insomnia Severity Index. One group received treatment of a 1-hour one-to-one cognitive behavioral therapy session delivered by Ellis and a self-help pamphlet to read at home. The control group received no additional support.
After treatment, there was a significant difference between the group that had received cognitive behavioral therapy and the control group. Within one month of the therapy session, 60% of participants reported improvements in their sleep quality. Within three months, this had increased to 73%.
Meanwhile just 15% of those in the control group, who had not received the therapy, reported improved sleep. On seeing the results, 70% of those in the control group requested that they also be given the same treatment. The therapy session covered sleep education and individual differences in “sleep need” at different times of life. Ellis then introduced the principle of sleep restriction, which encourages the individual to spend only the time in bed required for sleep. Using their recorded sleep diaries, the individuals were then prescribed a time to go to bed and a time to rise to improve their sleep efficiency.
The self-help pamphlet used a “3-D” message that represented three actions for the individual to recognize and act upon the symptoms of insomnia: Detect—how to record their sleep diary; Detach—how to control stimulus that could lead to disrupted sleep; and Distract—instructions on how to use cognitive control and imagery to distract their mind.
Ellis says in a release: “Despite considerable evidence supporting the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia, it remained untested for acute insomnia until this study. Chronic insomnia is a considerable health burden both on the individual and the economy and has been linked to the development of, or worsening of, a number of physical and psychiatric conditions. It is also a highly prevalent and largely unrelenting condition, so anything we can do to stop acute insomnia developing to the chronic stage will be of real benefit….
“There are numerous advantages to treating insomnia during an acute phase. If successful there is potential for significant savings in terms of long-term healthcare, lost productivity, and accidents. This becomes more pertinent when the costs associated with other illnesses, such as depression, for which insomnia is known to be a risk factor, are taken into account.”
